1. Jiri nhazi ọkwa

Dị ka njirimara eji eme ihe dị iche iche nke rọba dị iche iche, a na-ekekarị plastik n'ime ụdị atọ: plastik n'ozuzu, plastik injinia na plastik pụrụ iche.

① plastik nkịtị

N'ozuzu na-ezo aka na plastik nwere nnukwu mmepụta, ngwa sara mbara, nhazi dị mma na ọnụ ala dị ala.Enwere ụdị plasta n'ozuzu ise, ya bụ polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) na acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Ụdị plastik ise ndị a na-akpata ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ndị e ji emepụta rọba, ma ndị fọdụrụ nwere ike kewaa n'ụdị rọba pụrụ iche, dị ka: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, wdg, a na-eji ha eme ihe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Obere obere, tumadi A na-eji ya na ngalaba dị elu dị ka ụlọ ọrụ injinia na teknụzụ nchekwa mba, dị ka ụgbọ ala, ikuku ikuku, ihe owuwu, na nkwukọrịta.Dabere na nhazi ọkwa plastik ya, enwere ike kewaa plastik n'ime thermoplastics na plastik thermosetting.N'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị, enwere ike ịmegharị ngwaahịa thermoplastic, ebe plastik na-ekpo ọkụ enweghị ike.Dị ka ihe anya anya nke plastik, ha nwere ike kewaa n'ime transperent, translucent na opaque akụrụngwa, dị ka PS, PMMA, AS, PC, wdg bụ transperent plastics , Na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ plastics opaque plastics.

Njirimara na ojiji nke plastik a na-ejikarị eme ihe:

1. Polyethylene:

Enwere ike kewaa polyethylene nke a na-ejikarị gaa na polyethylene dị ala (LDPE), polyethylene dị elu (HDPE) na linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).N'ime atọ, HDPE nwere mma thermal, eletriki na n'ibu Njirimara, mgbe LDPE na LLDPE nwere mma mgbanwe, mmetụta Njirimara, film-akpụ Njirimara, wdg LDPE na LLDPE bụ tumadi eji na nkwakọ ihe nkiri, ugbo ihe nkiri, plastic mgbanwe, wdg. , ebe HDPE nwere ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa, dị ka ihe nkiri, ọkpọkọ, na injection dị mkpa kwa ụbọchị.

2. Polypropylene:

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, polypropylene nwere ụdị dị iche iche, ihe mgbagwoju anya, yana ọtụtụ ubi.Ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), ngọngọ copolymer polypropylene (copp) na random copolymer polypropylene (rapp).Dị ka ngwa, Homopolymerization bụ tumadi na-eji n'ọhịa nke waya ịbịaru, eriri, injection, BOPP film, wdg Copolymer polypropylene bụ tumadi na-eji ezinụlọ ngwa injection akụkụ, gbanwetụrụ akụrụngwa, kwa ụbọchị injection ngwaahịa, ọkpọkọ, wdg, na random. A na-ejikarị polypropylene eme ihe na ngwaahịa transperent, ngwaahịa dị elu, ọkpọkọ dị elu, wdg.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

N'ihi na ọ dị ọnụ ala na ọkụ na-ere ọkụ nke onwe ya, ọ nwere ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe na ebe a na-ewu ihe, karịsịa maka ọkpọkọ nsị, ọnụ ụzọ ígwè plastik na windo, efere, akpụkpọ anụ artificial, wdg.

4. Polystyrene:

Dị ka ụdị ihe eji eme ihe, mgbe ọ dị mkpa maka nghọta, ọ nwere ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ya, dị ka oriọna ụgbọ ala, akụkụ transperent kwa ụbọchị, iko transperent, mkpọ, wdg.

5. ABS:

Ọ bụ rọba injinia na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere nrụ arụ arụrụ arụ na ihe ọkụ.A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na ngwa ụlọ, panel, masks, mgbakọ, ngwa, wdg, karịsịa ngwa ụlọ, dị ka igwe ịsa ákwà, ikuku oyi, friji, ọkụ eletrik, wdg. mgbanwe plastik.

② plastik injinia

N'ozuzu na-ezo aka na plastik nke nwere ike iguzogide ụfọdụ ike mpụga, nwere ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ, nkwụsi ike dị elu na nke dị ala, ma nwee nkwụsi ike nke akụkụ dị mma, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ injinia, dị ka polyamide na polysulfone.Na rọba injinia, e kewara ya ụzọ abụọ: plastik injinia n'ozuzu na rọba injinia pụrụ iche.Injin rọba nwere ike izute elu chọrọ n'usoro nke n'ibu Njirimara, anwụ ngwa ngwa, corrosion iguzogide, na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, na ha na-adaba adaba hazie na ike dochie metal ihe.A na-eji plastik injinia eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na eletriki na elektrọnik, ụgbọ ala, ihe owuwu, akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ, igwe, ikuku ikuku na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.Ịgbanwe rọba maka ígwè na rọba maka osisi aghọwo ihe na-emekarị n'ụwa nile.

Plastics injinia n'ozuzu gụnyere: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether gbanwetụrụ, polyester thermoplastic, polyethylene ultra-high molecular arọ, polymer methylpentene, vinyl alcohol copolymer, wdg.

A na-ekewa plastik injinịa pụrụ iche n'ime ụdị njikọ na-ejikọtaghị ọnụ na nke enweghị njikọ.Ụdị ejikọtara ọnụ bụ: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide cross-linked, epoxy resin na-eguzogide okpomọkụ na ihe ndị ọzọ.Ụdị ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe bụ: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) na ndị ọzọ.

③ Plastics pụrụ iche

Na-ezo aka na plastik nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche ma nwee ike iji ya na ngwa pụrụ iche dị ka ụgbọ elu na ikuku.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, fluoroplastics na silicones nwere nnukwu nguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu, mmanye onwe ya na ọrụ ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche, na plastik siri ike na plastik ndị nwere ụfụfụ nwere ihe pụrụ iche dị ka ike dị elu na ịkwanye elu.Plastics ndị a so na ụdị nke rọba pụrụ iche.

a.Plastic agbasiri ike:

Enwere ike kewaa akụrụngwa rọba siri ike ka ọ bụrụ granular (dị ka plastik plastic mesiri ike), eriri (dị ka eriri iko ma ọ bụ akwa iko plastik mesiri ike), na flake (dị ka plastik siri ike nke mica) n'ọdịdị.Dị ka ihe onwunwe si kwuo, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime plastik ndị a na-emesi ike (dị ka ihe na-eme ka akpụkpọ anụ ma ọ bụ asbestos na-emesi ike), plastik inorganic mineral jupụtara (dị ka quartz ma ọ bụ mica jupụtara plastik), na fiber na-emesi ike (dị ka carbon fiber). plastik).

b.ụfụfụ:

Enwere ike kewaa plastik ụfụfụ na ụdị atọ: ụfụfụ siri ike, ọkara siri ike na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe.Ọfụfụ siri ike enweghị mgbanwe, na ike mkpakọ ya dị nnọọ ukwuu.Ọ ga-agbarụrụ naanị mgbe ọ ruru ụfọdụ uru nrụgide na enweghị ike ịlaghachi na ọnọdụ mbụ ya mgbe ahụ kwụsịrị nrụgide ahụ.Ụfụfụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-enwe obere mkpakọ siri ike, ma dị mfe nrụrụ.Weghachite ọnọdụ mbụ, nrụrụ ihe fọdụrụ dị ntakịrị;mgbanwe na ihe ndị ọzọ nke ụfụfụ nke ọkara siri ike dị n'etiti ụfụfụ siri ike na nke dị nro.

Abụọ, nhazi nke anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ

Dị ka ihe dị iche iche anụ ahụ na kemịkal dị iche iche nke rọba dị iche iche si dị, a pụrụ kewaa plastik ụzọ abụọ: plastik thermosetting na plastik thermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): na-ezo aka na plastik nke ga-agbaze mgbe kpochara, nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ihe ahụ mgbe ọ dị jụụ, wee gbazee mgbe kpochara;Enwere ike iji kpo oku na ikpo ọkụ mee mgbanwe mgbanwe (mmiri ←→ siri ike), ee Ihe a na-akpọ mgbanwe anụ ahụ.Thermoplastics-ebumnobi n'ozuzu nwere okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu n'okpuru 100 Celsius.A na-akpọkwa polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, na polystyrene rọba anọ na-eme n'ozuzu ha.A na-ekewa plastik thermoplastic na hydrocarbons, vinyls nwere mkpụrụ ndụ polar, injinia, cellulose na ụdị ndị ọzọ.Ọ na-adị nro mgbe ọ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-esikwa ike mgbe ọ dị jụụ.Enwere ike ime ka ọ dị nro ugboro ugboro ma sie ike ma nọgide na-enwe ụdị ụfọdụ.Ọ bụ soluble na ụfọdụ ihe mgbaze ma nwee ihe onwunwe nke ịbụ agbaze na soluble.Thermoplastics nwere magburu onwe eletriki mkpuchi, karịsịa polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) nwere oké ala dielectric mgbe niile na dielectric ọnwụ.Maka elu ugboro na elu voltaji mkpuchi ihe.Thermoplastics dị mfe ịkpụzi na nhazi, ma ha nwere obere okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ma dị mfe ịkwaga.Ogo nke na-akpụ akpụ na-adịgasị iche na ibu, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, ihe mgbaze na iru mmiri.Iji merie adịghị ike ndị a nke thermoplastics ma gboo mkpa nke ngwa n'ọhịa nke teknụzụ ohere na mmepe ume ọhụrụ, mba niile na-emepụta resins na-eguzogide okpomọkụ nke nwere ike ịgbaze, dị ka polyether ether ketone (PEEK) na polyether sulfone ( PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), wdg mejupụtara ihe na-eji ha dị ka matrix resins nwere elu n'ibu Njirimara na chemical-eguzogide, nwere ike thermoformed na welded, na nwere mma interlaminar shiee ike karịa epoxy resins.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji polyether ether ketone dị ka matrix resin na carbon fiber na-emepụta ihe mejupụtara, ike ọgwụgwụ na-eguzogide karịrị nke epoxy/carbon fiber.Ọ nwere mmetụta dị mma na-eguzogide, ezigbo nguzogide na-akpụ akpụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ, yana ezigbo nhazi.Enwere ike iji ya mgbe niile na 240-270 Celsius.Ọ bụ ezigbo ihe mkpuchi okpomọkụ dị elu.Ihe mejupụtara nke polyethersulfone dị ka matrix resin na carbon fiber nwere ike dị elu na ike na 200 ° C, ma nwee ike ịnọgide na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na -100 ° C;ọ naghị egbu egbu, anaghị ere ọkụ, anwụrụ ọkụ pere mpe, yana nguzogide radieshon.Ọfọn, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eji ya dị ka akụkụ bụ isi nke ụgbọ elu, a pụkwara ịkpụzi ya ka ọ bụrụ radome, wdg.

Plastics cross-linked formaldehyde gụnyere plastik phenolic, amino plastik (dị ka urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, wdg).Plastics ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya gụnyere polyesters na-adịghị mma, resin epoxy, na resin phthalic diallyl.

(2) Thermosetting plastic

Thermosetting plastics na-ezo aka plastik nwere ike gwọọ n'okpuru okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ nwere insoluble (agbaze) àgwà, dị ka phenolic plastics, epoxy plastics, wdg Thermosetting plastics na-ekewa n'ime formaldehyde cross-njikọ ụdị na ndị ọzọ cross-njikọ ụdị.Mgbe nhazi na ịkpụzi ọkụ, a na-emepụta ngwaahịa a na-apụghị imeri emeri na nke a na-apụghị ịsacha, a na-ejikọtakwa ụmụ irighiri resin n'ime usoro netwọk site na nhazi usoro.Okpomọkụ na-abawanye ga-emebi ma mebie.Plastics thermosetting a na-ahụkarị gụnyere phenolic, epoxy, amino, polyester unsaturated, furan, polysiloxane na ihe ndị ọzọ, yana plastik polydipropylene phthalate ọhụrụ.Ha nwere uru nke oke okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ma na-eguzogide nrụrụ mgbe ọkụ.Mwepu bụ na n'ibu ike na-adịkarịghị elu, ma n'ibu ike nwere ike mma site na-agbakwụnye fillers na-eme laminated ihe ma ọ bụ kpụrụ ihe.

Thermosetting plastics mere nke phenolic resin dị ka isi akụrụngwa, dị ka phenolic kpụrụ plastic (a na-akpọkarị Bakelite), na-nagide, akụkụ kwụsiri ike, na-eguzogide ọgwụ ndị ọzọ chemical bekee ma e wezụga ike alkalis.Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe dị iche iche na mgbakwunye dị iche iche dịka ojiji na ihe dị iche iche chọrọ.Maka ụdị dị iche iche chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ mkpuchi dị elu, enwere ike iji mica ma ọ bụ eriri iko mee ihe dị ka ihe nkpuchi;maka ụdị dị iche iche chọrọ iguzogide okpomọkụ, a pụrụ iji asbestos ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide okpomọkụ;maka ụdị dị iche iche chọrọ nguzogide seismic, enwere ike iji eriri ma ọ bụ rọba dị iche iche kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka ihe na-ejuputa yana ụfọdụ ihe na-esi ike na-eme ihe siri ike.Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji resins phenolic gbanwetụrụ dị ka aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, na polyvinyl acetal iji mezuo ihe achọrọ nke ngwa dị iche iche.A pụkwara iji resins phenolic mee laminates phenolic, nke a na-eji ike arụ ọrụ dị elu, ezigbo ọkụ eletrik, nguzogide corrosion, na nhazi dị mfe.A na-eji ha eme ihe na ngwa eletrik dị ala.

Aminoplasts gụnyere urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde na ndị ọzọ.Ha nwere uru nke udidi siri ike, nkwụsi ike ọkọ, enweghị agba, translucent, wdg. Ịgbakwunye ihe agba nwere ike mee ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa mara mma, nke a na-akpọkarị jed eletriki.N'ihi na ọ na-eguzogide mmanụ ma ghara emetụta alkalis na-adịghị ike na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị ike (ma ọ bụghị acid na-eguzogide ọgwụ), enwere ike iji ya na 70 ° C ruo ogologo oge, ma nwee ike iguzogide 110 ruo 120 ° C n'oge dị mkpirikpi, ma nwee ike. a ga-eji na ngwaahịa eletrik.Plastic Melamine-formaldehyde nwere ike siri ike karịa urea-formaldehyde rọba, ma nwee nguzogide mmiri ka mma, nguzogide okpomọkụ, na mgbochi arc.Enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi na-eguzogide arc.

Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị plastik na-ekpo ọkụ nke ejiri resin epoxy mee dị ka ihe bụ isi akụrụngwa, n'ime nke ihe dịka 90% dabere na bisphenol A epoxy resin.Ọ nwere ezigbo mmachi, mkpuchi eletriki, nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ na nkwụsi ike nke kemịkal, nkwụsịtụ dị ala na mmịnye mmiri, yana ike ọrụ dị mma.

Enwere ike ịme ma polyester na-adịghị mma na resin epoxy ka ọ bụrụ FRP, nke nwere ike ọrụ dị mma.Dị ka ihe atụ, enyo fiber mesikwuru plastic mere unsaturated polyester nwere ezi n'ibu Njirimara na ala njupụta (naanị 1/5 ka 1/4 nke ígwè, 1/2 nke aluminum), na dị mfe hazie n'ime dị iche iche eletriki akụkụ.Ngwongwo eletriki na igwe nke plastik mere dipropylene phthalate resin dị mma karịa nke plastik phenolic na amino thermosetting.Ọ nwere hygroscopicity dị ala, nha ngwaahịa kwụsiri ike, arụmọrụ ịkpụzi dị mma, nguzogide acid na alkali, mmiri esi mmiri na ụfọdụ ihe mgbaze organic.Ngwakọta a na-akpụzi kwesịrị ekwesị maka imepụta akụkụ nke nwere usoro mgbagwoju anya, nguzogide okpomọkụ na mkpuchi dị elu.N'ozuzu, ọ nwere ike iji ogologo oge na okpomọkụ nso nke -60 ~ 180 ℃, na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ọkwa nwere ike iru F ka H ọkwa, nke dị elu karịa okpomọkụ eguzogide nke phenolic na amino plastics.

A na-eji plastik silicone n'ụdị polysiloxane eme ihe na ngwa elektrọn na teknụzụ eletrik.A na-ejikarị akwa iko mee ka silicone laminated plastics;A na-ejukarị plastik silicone kpụrụ akpụ na eriri iko na asbestos, nke a na-eji emepụta akụkụ ndị na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu, ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ moto submersible, ngwa eletriki, na ngwá electronic.Ụdị rọba a bụ ihe e ji mara dielectric dị ala na uru tgδ, ọ na-emetụtakwa ya ugboro ugboro.A na-eji ya na ụlọ ọrụ eletriki na eletrọnịkị iji guzogide corona na arcs.Ọbụlagodi na mwepu na-akpata ire ere, ngwaahịa a bụ silicon dioxide kama ịbụ carbon ojii na-eduzi..Ụdị ihe a nwere nguzogide okpomọkụ pụtara ìhè ma enwere ike iji ya na-aga n'ihu na 250 ° C.Ihe ọghọm dị na polysilicon bụ ike nrụpụta dị ala, nrapado dị ala na nguzogide mmanụ adịghị mma.E mepụtala ọtụtụ polymer silicone emezigharịrị, dị ka plastik silicone polyester gbanwere ma tinye ya na teknụzụ eletrik.Ụfọdụ plastics bụ ma thermoplastic na thermosetting plastik.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, polyvinyl chloride na-abụkarị thermoplastic.Japan ewepụtala ụdị mmiri mmiri polyvinyl chloride ọhụrụ nke bụ thermoset ma nwee okpomọkụ ịkpụzi nke 60 ruo 140°C.Otu rọba akpọrọ Lundex dị na United States nwere ma njirimara nhazi thermoplastic, yana njirimara anụ ahụ nke rọba na-ekpo ọkụ.

① Hydrocarbon plastik.

Ọ bụ plastik na-abụghị polar, nke kewara n'ime kristal na ndị na-abụghị kristal.Plastic hydrocarbon kristal gụnyere polyethylene, polypropylene, wdg, na plastik hydrocarbon na-abụghị kristal gụnyere polystyrene, wdg.

② Plastics vinyl nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa pola.

Ewezuga fluoroplastics, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ahụ ndị na-abụghị crystalline transperent, gụnyere polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, wdg. Ọtụtụ vinyl monomers nwere ike polymerized na radical catalysts.

③ Thermoplastic injinia plastik.

tumadi gụnyere polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, wdg Polytetrafluoroethylene.A na-etinyekwa polypropylene gbanwetụrụ, wdg na nso nso a.

④ Thermoplastic cellulose plastik.

Ọ kachasị gụnyere cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane na ndị ọzọ.

Anyị nwere ike iji ihe niile plastik dị n'elu.
N'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị, a na-eji ọkwa nri PP na ọkwa ahụike PP maka ngwaahịa ndị yiri yangaji. Pipettebụ nke HDPE ihe onwunwe, naule tubebụ nke a na-ejikarị ọkwa ahụike PP ma ọ bụ ihe PS mee ya.Anyị ka nwere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa, na-eji ihe dị iche iche, n'ihi na anyị bụ aebuonye na-eme ihe, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa plastik niile nwere ike ịmepụta