1. Jiri nhazi ọkwa

Dịka njirimara ojiji dị iche iche nke plastik dị iche iche si dị, a na-ekewa plastik n'ụdị atọ: plastik izugbe, plastik injinia na plastik pụrụ iche.

① Plastik izugbe

N'ozuzu, a na-ezo aka na plastik nwere nnukwu mmepụta, ojiji sara mbara, nhazi dị mma na ọnụ ahịa dị ala. E nwere ụdị plastik ise n'ozuzu, ya bụ, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) na acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). Ụdị plastik ise a na-agụnye ọtụtụ ihe eji emepụta plastik, enwere ike kewaa ndị ọzọ n'ime ụdị plastik pụrụ iche, dịka: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, wdg., a naghị eji ha eme ihe na ngwaahịa ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ọkachasị A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọhịa dị elu dịka ụlọ ọrụ injinia na teknụzụ nchekwa mba, dị ka ụgbọala, ụgbọelu, owuwu, na nkwukọrịta. Dịka nhazi plastik ya si dị, enwere ike kewaa plastik n'ime thermoplastics na thermosetting plastik. N'ọnọdụ nkịtị, enwere ike imegharị ngwaahịa thermoplastic, ebe plastik thermosetting enweghị ike. Dịka ihe eji ahụ anya nke plastik si dị, enwere ike kewaa ha n'ime ihe ndị na-edoghị anya, ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, dịka PS, PMMA, AS, PC, wdg. nke bụ plastik ndị na-edoghị anya, ọtụtụ plastik ndị ọzọ bụkwa plastik ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.

Njirimara na ojiji nke plastik a na-ejikarị eme ihe:

1. Polyethylene:

Enwere ike kewaa polyethylene a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ime obere njupụta polyethylene (LDPE), nnukwu njupụta polyethylene (HDPE) na obere njupụta polyethylene (LLDPE). N'ime atọ ndị a, HDPE nwere ihe ndị ka mma maka okpomọkụ, eletriki na igwe, ebe LDPE na LLDPE nwere mgbanwe ka mma, ihe ndị na-emetụta mmetụta, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri, wdg. A na-ejikarị LDPE na LLDPE eme ihe na ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa, ihe nkiri ugbo, mgbanwe plastik, wdg, ebe HDPE nwere ọtụtụ ojiji, dị ka ihe nkiri, paịpụ, na ihe ndị dị mkpa kwa ụbọchị maka ịgba ntụtụ.

2. Polypropylene:

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, polypropylene nwere ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, ojiji dị mgbagwoju anya, na ọtụtụ ubi dị iche iche. Ụdị ndị a gụnyere homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) na random copolymer polypropylene (rapp). Dịka ngwa si dị, a na-ejikarị Homopolymerization eme ihe na mpaghara nke eserese waya, eriri, injection, ihe nkiri BOPP, wdg. A na-ejikarị copolymer polypropylene eme ihe na akụkụ injection ngwa ụlọ, ihe ndị a gbanwere agbanwe, ngwaahịa injection kwa ụbọchị, paịpụ, wdg, na polypropylene random bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Ngwaahịa doro anya, ngwaahịa arụmọrụ dị elu, paịpụ arụmọrụ dị elu, wdg.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

N'ihi na ọ dị ọnụ ala ma na-egbochi ire ọkụ onwe ya, o nwere ọtụtụ ojiji n'ọrụ owuwu ya, ọkachasị maka paịpụ mmiri nsị, ọnụ ụzọ na windo ígwè plastik, efere, akpụkpọ anụ e ji aka rụọ, wdg.

4. Polystyrene:

Dịka ụdị ihe eji emepụta ihe doro anya, mgbe ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee nghọta, o nwere ọtụtụ ojiji dị iche iche, dịka ihe mkpuchi ọkụ ụgbọala, akụkụ ndị na-egbukepụ egbukepụ kwa ụbọchị, iko ndị na-egbukepụ egbukepụ, ite, wdg.

5. ABS:

Ọ bụ plastik injinia dị iche iche nwere ihe ndị dị mkpa dịka igwe na okpomọkụ. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ihe gbasara ngwa ụlọ, panel, ihe mkpuchi ihu, ihe ndị e ji emechi ihe, ihe ndị ọzọ, wdg, ọkachasị ngwa ụlọ, dịka igwe ịsa ákwà, ihe ntụ oyi, friji, fan eletriki, wdg. Ọ buru ibu nke ukwuu ma nwee ọtụtụ ojiji dị iche iche na mgbanwe plastik.

②Plastiki injinịa

N'ozuzu, a na-ezo aka na plastik ndị nwere ike iguzogide ike mpụga ụfọdụ, nwee ezigbo ihe onwunwe mekanikal, iguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na nke dị ala, ma nwee ezigbo nkwụsi ike nha, enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe owuwu injinia, dị ka polyamide na polysulfone. Na plastik injinia, a na-ekewa ya n'ime ụdị abụọ: plastik injinia izugbe na plastik injinia pụrụ iche. Plastik injinia nwere ike imezu ihe achọrọ dị elu n'ihe gbasara ihe onwunwe mekanikal, ogologo oge, iguzogide nchara, na iguzogide okpomọkụ, ha dịkwa mfe karị ịhazi ma nwee ike dochie ihe eji eme ígwè. A na-ejikarị plastik injinia eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na eletriki na eletrọnịkị, ụgbọ ala, ihe owuwu, akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ, igwe, ụgbọelu na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ịnọchi plastik maka ígwè na plastik maka osisi aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụwa niile.

Plastik injinia izugbe gụnyere: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether agbanwere agbanwe, polyester thermoplastic, polyethylene dị oke elu nke molekul, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer, wdg.

A na-ekewa plastik injinia pụrụ iche n'ụdị njikọta na nke na-abụghị njikọta. Ụdị njikọta na-abụghị njikọta bụ: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide njikọta na-anaghị ekpo ọkụ, epoxy resin na ndị ọzọ. Ụdị njikọ na-abụghị njikọta bụ: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) na ndị ọzọ.

③Plastic pụrụ iche

A na-akpọkarị plastik ndị nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche ma enwere ike iji ha mee ihe n'ọrụ pụrụ iche dịka ụgbọelu na ụgbọelu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, fluoroplastics na silicones nwere oke okpomọkụ dị elu, na-eme ka mmanụ na-egbu onwe ya na ọrụ pụrụ iche ndị ọzọ, plastik ndị a na-eme ka ha sie ike na plastik ndị a na-afụ ụfụfụ nwekwara ihe pụrụ iche dịka ike dị elu na ime ka ihe dị nro dị elu. Plastik ndị a so na nke plastik pụrụ iche.

a. Plastik e siri ike:

Enwere ike kewaa ihe eji emepụta plastik eme ka ọ sie ike n'ụdị granular (dịka plastik eme ka calcium dịkwuo mma), eriri (dịka eriri iko ma ọ bụ plastik eme ka iko dịkwuo mma), na flake (dịka plastik eme ka mica dịkwuo mma) n'ọdịdị ya. Dịka ihe eji emepụta ya si dị, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ụdị plastik eme ka ákwà sie ike (dịka plastik eme ka ọ sie ike ma ọ bụ plastik eme ka asbestos sie ike), plastik eme ka mineral jupụtara na ya (dịka plastik eme ka quartz ma ọ bụ plastik eme ka mica jupụta), na plastik eme ka eriri sie ike (dịka plastik eme ka carbon sie ike).

b. Ụfụfụ:

A pụrụ ikewa plastik ụfụfụ n'ụdị atọ: ụfụfụ siri ike, ọkara siri ike na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ụfụfụ siri ike enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla, ike nrụgide ya dịkwa oke ukwuu. Ọ ga-agbanwe naanị mgbe ọ ruru uru nrụgide ụfọdụ ma ọ nweghị ike ịlaghachi n'ọnọdụ mbụ ya mgbe nrụgide ahụ kwụsịrị. Ụfụfụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe, yana obere ike nrụgide, ọ dịkwa mfe ịgbagọ. Weghachite ọnọdụ mbụ, mgbanwe fọdụrụ dị obere; mgbanwe na ihe ndị ọzọ nke ụfụfụ ọkara siri ike dị n'etiti ụfụfụ siri ike na nke dị nro.

Nkewa abụọ, nkewa anụ ahụ na nke kemịkalụ

Dabere na njirimara anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ dị iche iche nke plastik dị iche iche, enwere ike kewaa plastik n'ụdị abụọ: plastik thermosetting na plastik thermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastik): na-ezo aka na plastik ndị ga-agbaze mgbe a kpochara ha ọkụ, nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ebu ahụ mgbe a jụrụ ha oyi, wee gbazee mgbe a kpochara ha ọkụ; enwere ike iji kpo oku na oyi mee ihe iji mepụta mgbanwe ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe (mmiri mmiri ←→siri ike), ee. Ihe a na-akpọ mgbanwe anụ ahụ. Thermoplastics maka ebumnuche izugbe nwere okpomọkụ ojiji na-aga n'ihu n'okpuru 100°C. A na-akpọkwa Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, na polystyrene plastik anọ maka ebumnuche izugbe. A na-ekewa plastik Thermoplastic n'ime hydrocarbons, vinyls nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa polar, injinia, cellulose na ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-adị nro mgbe a kpochara ya ọkụ, ọ na-esikwa ike mgbe a jụrụ ya oyi. Enwere ike ime ka ọ dị nro ma sie ike ugboro ugboro ma nọgide na-enwe ụdị ụfọdụ. Ọ na-agbaze na ụfọdụ ihe mgbaze ma nwee ihe onwunwe nke ịbụ onye a na-agbaze ma na-agbaze. Thermoplastics nwere mkpuchi eletriki dị mma, karịsịa polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) nwere obere dielectric na-agbanwe agbanwe na mfu dielectric. Maka ihe mkpuchi voltaji dị elu na nke dị elu. Thermoplastics dị mfe ịkpụzi ma hazie, mana ha nwere obere iguzogide okpomọkụ ma dịkwa mfe ịfefe. Ogo nke ịrị elu na-agbanwe dabere na ibu, okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe mgbaze, na iru mmiri. Iji merie adịghị ike ndị a nke thermoplastics ma mezuo mkpa nke ngwa na mpaghara teknụzụ mbara igwe na mmepe ike ọhụrụ, mba niile na-emepụta resins ndị na-eguzogide okpomọkụ nke enwere ike ịgbaze, dị ka polyether ether ketone (PEEK) na polyether sulfone (PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), wdg. Ihe ndị mejupụtara na-eji ha dị ka matrix resins nwere ihe ndị dị elu na iguzogide kemịkalụ, enwere ike ịhazi ya ma jikọta ya, ma nwee ike shear interlaminar ka mma karịa epoxy resins. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji polyether ether ketone dị ka matrix resin na carbon fiber mee ihe mejupụtara ihe, ike ọgwụgwụ karịrị nke epoxy/carbon fiber. Ọ nwere ezigbo iguzogide mmetụta, ezigbo iguzogide ịrị elu na okpomọkụ ụlọ, yana ezigbo nhazi. Enwere ike iji ya mgbe niile na 240-270°C. Ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi okpomọkụ dị elu zuru oke. Ihe mejupụtara ya nke e ji polyethersulfone mee dịka resin matrix na eriri carbon nwere ike na ike siri ike na 200°C, ọ nwekwara ike ịnọgide na-enwe ezigbo iguzogide mmetụta na -100°C; ọ naghị egbu egbu, ọ naghị ere ọkụ, ọ naghị ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu, ọ naghịkwa eguzogide radieshon. A na-atụ anya na a ga-eji ya dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke ụgbọ elu, a pụkwara ịkpụzi ya ka ọ bụrụ radome, wdg.

Plastik formaldehyde nke ejikọtara ọnụ gụnyere plastik phenolic, amino plastik (dịka urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, wdg). Plastik ndị ọzọ ejikọtara ọnụ gụnyere polyester ndị na-enweghị afọ ojuju, resin epoxy, na resin diallyl phthalic.

(2) Plastik na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị jụụ

Plastik thermosetting na-ezo aka na plastik enwere ike ịgwọ n'okpuru okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ nwee njirimara na-agbaze (mgbaze), dị ka plastik phenolic, plastik epoxy, wdg. A na-ekewa plastik thermosetting n'ụdị formaldehyde cross-linked na ụdị ndị ọzọ cross-linked. Mgbe nhazi na ịkpụzi okpomọkụ gasịrị, a na-emepụta ngwaahịa a gwọrọ nke a na-agbaze na nke a na-agbaze, a na-ejikọkwa molekul resin n'ime nhazi netwọk site na nhazi linear. Oke okpomọkụ ga-ere ere ma bibie. Plastik thermosetting nkịtị gụnyere phenolic, epoxy, amino, unsaturated polyester, furan, polysiloxane na ihe ndị ọzọ, yana plastik polydipropylene phthalate ọhụrụ. Ha nwere uru nke iguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na iguzogide mgbanwe mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ. Ihe na-adịghị mma bụ na ike igwe anaghị adị elu n'ozuzu ya, mana enwere ike imeziwanye ike igwe site na ịgbakwunye ihe ndị na-ejupụta iji mee ihe laminated ma ọ bụ ihe a kpụrụ akpụ.

Plastik thermosetting nke e ji phenolic resin mee dị ka ihe bụ isi e ji emepụta ihe, dị ka plastik phenolic a kpụrụ akpụ (nke a na-akpọkarị Bakelite), na-adịgide adịgide, kwụsiri ike n'akụkụ, ma na-eguzogide ihe ndị ọzọ dị na kemịkalụ ma e wezụga alkali siri ike. Enwere ike itinye ihe ndị na-ejupụta na ihe mgbakwunye dị iche iche dịka ojiji na ihe achọrọ si dị. Maka ụdị ndị chọrọ arụmọrụ mkpuchi dị elu, enwere ike iji mica ma ọ bụ eriri iko dị ka ihe na-ejupụta; maka ụdị ndị chọrọ iguzogide okpomọkụ, enwere ike iji asbestos ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide okpomọkụ; maka ụdị ndị chọrọ iguzogide ala ọma jijiji, enwere ike iji eriri ma ọ bụ roba dị iche iche dị ka ihe na-ejupụta. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji resin phenolic gbanwere dị ka aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, na polyvinyl acetal iji mezuo ihe achọrọ nke ngwa dị iche iche. Enwere ike iji resin phenolic mee laminates phenolic, nke a na-eji ike igwe dị elu, ezigbo ihe onwunwe eletriki, iguzogide nchara, na nhazi dị mfe mara. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na ngwa eletriki dị ala.

Aminoplasts gụnyere urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde na ndị ọzọ. Ha nwere uru nke udidi siri ike, iguzogide ọkọ, enweghị agba, translucent, wdg. Ịtinye ihe agba nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa agba agba, nke a na-akpọkarị jade eletriki. N'ihi na ọ na-eguzogide mmanụ ma ọ bụghị site na alkalis na ihe mgbaze organic na-adịghị ike (mana ọ bụghị acid), enwere ike iji ya na 70°C ruo ogologo oge, ọ nwekwara ike iguzogide 110 ruo 120°C n'oge dị mkpirikpi, enwere ike iji ya na ngwaahịa eletriki. Plastik Melamine-formaldehyde nwere ike siri ike karịa plastik urea-formaldehyde, ma nwee ike iguzogide mmiri ka mma, iguzogide okpomọkụ, na iguzogide arc. Enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe mkpuchi na-eguzogide arc.

E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị plastik thermosetting nke e ji epoxy resin mee dị ka ihe kachasị mkpa, nke ihe dị ka 90% dabere na bisphenol A epoxy resin. O nwere ezigbo nrapado, mkpuchi eletriki, iguzogide okpomọkụ na nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ, obere mkpụkọ na nnabata mmiri, yana ezigbo ike igwe.

Enwere ike ime ma polyester na-enweghị afọ ojuju na epoxy resin ka ọ bụrụ FRP, nke nwere ike igwe dị mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, plastik iko ejiri polyester na-enweghị afọ ojuju mee nwere ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ na obere njupụta (naanị 1/5 ruo 1/4 nke ígwè, 1/2 nke aluminom), ọ dịkwa mfe ịhazi ya n'ime akụkụ eletriki dị iche iche. Njirimara eletriki na nke mekaniki nke plastik nke e ji dipropylene phthalate resin mee ka ọ dị mma karịa nke plastik phenolic na amino thermosetting. O nwere obere hygroscopicity, nha ngwaahịa kwụsiri ike, arụmọrụ ịkpụzi ihe dị mma, iguzogide acid na alkali, mmiri esi mmiri na ụfọdụ ihe mgbaze organic. Ngwakọta ịkpụzi ihe dị mma maka imepụta akụkụ nwere nhazi dị mgbagwoju anya, iguzogide okpomọkụ na mkpuchi dị elu. N'ozuzu, enwere ike iji ya ruo ogologo oge na oke okpomọkụ nke -60~180℃, ọkwa iguzogide okpomọkụ nwekwara ike iru ọkwa F ruo H, nke dị elu karịa iguzogide okpomọkụ nke plastik phenolic na amino.

A na-ejikarị plastik silicone dị ka polysiloxane eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na teknụzụ eletrọniki na eletriki. A na-ejikarị ákwà iko eme ka plastik silicone dị larịị sie ike; a na-ejikarị eriri iko na asbestos ejupụta plastik silicone a kpụrụ akpụ, nke a na-eji emepụta akụkụ ndị na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu, moto ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ ndị a na-apụghị ịbanye n'ime mmiri, ngwa eletriki, na ngwa eletrọniki. A na-amata ụdị plastik a site na obere dielectric constant na uru tgδ ya, ọ naghịkwa emetụta ya site na ugboro ugboro. A na-eji ya na ụlọ ọrụ eletriki na eletrọniki iji guzogide corona na arcs. Ọ bụrụgodị na mwepụta ahụ na-akpata ire ere, ngwaahịa a bụ silicon dioxide kama carbon ojii na-eduzi. . Ụdị ihe a nwere ike iguzogide okpomọkụ dị egwu ma enwere ike iji ya mgbe niile na 250°C. Isi ihe ọghọm nke polysilicone bụ obere ike mekaniki, obere nrapado na enweghị ike iguzogide mmanụ. Emepụtala ọtụtụ polymer silicone emezigharịrị, dị ka plastik silicone polyester agbanwere ma etinyela ya na teknụzụ eletriki. Ụfọdụ plastik bụ ma plastik thermoplastic na thermosetting. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, polyvinyl chloride bụkarị thermoplastic. Japan emepụtala ụdị polyvinyl chloride mmiri mmiri ọhụrụ nke a na-akpọ thermoset ma nwee okpomọkụ ịkpụzi nke 60 ruo 140°C. Plastik a na-akpọ Lundex na United States nwere ma nhazi thermoplastic, yana ihe ndị dị na ya nke plastik thermosetting.

① plastik hydrocarbon.

Ọ bụ plastik na-abụghị polar, nke e kewara n'ime kristal na nke na-abụghị kristal. Plastik hydrocarbon kristal gụnyere polyethylene, polypropylene, wdg, na plastik hydrocarbon na-abụghị kristal gụnyere polystyrene, wdg.

②Plastik Vinyl nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa polar.

E wezụga fluoroplastics, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ahụ ndị na-enweghị kristal, gụnyere polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, wdg. Enwere ike iji ihe na-akpali akpali nke ukwuu mepụta ọtụtụ monomers vinyl.

③ Plastik injinia thermoplastic.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ha gụnyere polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, wdg. Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polytetrafluoroethylene agbanweela, wdg. A na-etinyekwa ha n'usoro a.

④ Plastik cellulose nke Thermoplastic.

Ọ gụnyere cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Anyị nwere ike iji ihe plastik niile dị n'elu.
N'ọnọdụ nkịtị, a na-eji PP nke ọkwa nri na PP nke ọkwa ahụike eme ihe maka ngwaahịa ndị yiri yangaji. Paịpụt ahụe ji ihe HDPE mee ya,tube nnwaleA na-ejikarị ihe PP ma ọ bụ PS eme ihe na ọkwa ahụike. Anyị ka nwere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa, na-eji ihe dị iche iche, n'ihi na anyị bụebuonye nrụpụta, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa plastik niile nwere ike ịmepụta